Iconography of the Pre-Columbian Maya rattles
Keywords:
Maya culture, Maya iconography, archaeomusicology, Maya rattle
Abstract
The article provides a thorough analysis of the rattles depicted in Maya art, including their construction, decoration, and playing techniques. The gourd vessel rattle is the most frequently depicted musical instrument in Maya art, appearing in 108 iconographic sources. The rattles vary in shape, size, and adornment, with some being elaborately decorated and others unadorned. The author uses insights mostly from iconographic evidence to classify rattles into different types and subtypes based on their shape, adornment, and context of use. The article concludes that the round rattle with slits and adornments was the iconic representation of the rattle in Maya culture. The rattle appears in scenes representing courtly life, ceremonies, and battles. The text highlights the association of rattles with dancing, masking, and impersonation rituals, where they were often used as prestigious and powerful objects, manipulated by the most important characters. Adorned rattles generally indicate a musician of a higher status and correspond to the richness of their attire. It is also the only musical instrument with which rulers were depicted.
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References
Bacon, Wendy J.
2007 The Dwarf Motif in Classic Maya Monumental Iconography: A Spatial Analysis. Ph.D. Thesis
Beliaev, Dmitri
2015 Blog entry, Maoist Blog, 17.08.2015, Available at: https://maoist.livejournal.com/129099.html
Benton, Amy E.
2010 Ancient Maya Music: Aerophones in the Archaeological Record, MA Thesis
Boot, Eric
2004 Vocabulary in the Ch’olti’ Language. A transcription of the ‘Bocabulario Grande’ by Fray Francisco Moran (1965). Available at: http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/boot/cholti_moran1695_revised.pdf.
2009 The Updated Preliminary Classic Maya- English, English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings. Mesoweb Resources, Available at: https://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary-2009.01.pdf
de Borhegyi, Stephan F.
1970 Depositos subterraneos en forma de botella y sonajas de barro del Preclasico de Guatemala. In Estudios de Cultura Maya, VIII pp. 25-34.
Bourg, Cameron H.
2005 Ancient Maya Music now with sound. MA Thesis
Cheong, Kong F. et al.
2014 Recovering Music from Pacbitun, Belize: New Evidence for Ancient Maya Instruments. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 11 pp. 177-190.
Ciura, Monika
2013 Hand gestures in courtly scenes depicted on Maya vases, unpublished BA Thesis
Duke, Bethany
2014 Palatial Soundscapes : Music in Maya Court Societies, MA Thesis
Fachner, Jorg
2011 Time Is the Key : Music and Altered States of Consciousness. In Culture, 1 (January), pp. 355–376.
Foias, Antonina. E.
2004 Politics and Economics : Motul de San José, Petén, FAMSI Report, Availabale at: http://www.famsi.org/reports/02049/02049Foias01.pdf
Gallegos, Miriam Judith
2009 Manufactura , Iconografía Y Distribución De Figurillas En Comalcalco , Tabasco. In XXII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2008 ( J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo y H. Mejía, eds.), 1051-1061. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala
García Barrios, Anna and Valencia Rivera, Rogelio
2007 El uso político del baile en el Clásico maya: el baile de K’awiil’, In Revista espanola de antropología americana, 37(2), pp. 23–38.
Golden, Charles
2009 Palisades and Ditches: Defense and Development of Yaxchilan's Polity, FAMSI Report, Available at: http://www.famsi.org/reports/07043/07043Golden02.pdf
Grube, Nikolai, and Maria Gaida
2006 Die Maya: Schrift und Kunst, Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-DuMont. Berlin.
Grube, Nikolai and Luin, Camilo Alejandro
2014 A Drum Altar from the Vicinity of Yaxchilan, In Mexicon, XXXVI(April), pp. 40–48.
Halperin, Christina
2014 Maya figurines: Intersections between state and household, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Hamann, Agnieszka
2017 ‘Tz ’ ihb ’ write/paint’ Multimodality in Maya glyphic texts. In Visible Language, 51(1), pp. 39–57.
Hammond, Norman
1972a Classic Maya Music: Part I: Maya Drums. In Archaeology, 25(2), 124–131.
Hammond, Norman
1972b Classic Maya Music: Part II: Rattles, Shakers, Raspers, Wind and String Instruments. In Archaeology, 25(3) pp. 222–228.
Hellmuth, Nicholas
1967 Structure 5D-73, Burial 196, Tikal, Peten, Guatemala: A Preliminary Report, vol 2, Foundation for Latin American Anthropological Research.
Helmke, Christophe
2020 Tactics, Trophies, and Titles: A Comparative Perspective on Ancient Maya Raiding’, In Ancient Mesoamerica, 31(1), pp. 29–46.
Helmke, Christophe and Nielsen, Jesper
2009 Hidden Identity & Power in Ancient Mesoamerica: Supernatural Alter Egos as Curses & Diseases. In Acta Americana, 17(2), pp. 49–98.
Hornbostel, Erich, and Curt Sachs
1961 The Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony
Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann. In The Galpin Society Journal 14, pp. 3–29.
Hopkins, Nicholas A.
2012 A Dictionary of the Chuj (Mayan) Language. Jaguar Tours, Florida
Hopkins, Nichoals A., Josserand, Kathryn and Cruz Guzmán, Ausencio (2011) A Historical Dictionary of Chol (Mayan): The Lexical Sources from 1789 to 1935. Jaguar Tours, Florida
Houston, Stephen
2006 Impersonation, Dance, and the Problem of Spectacle among the Classic Maya. In Archaeology of Performance. Theaters of Power, Community, and Politics (Inomata, T. and Coben, L. S., eds.), pp. 135–155, Altamira Press, Lanham
2008 The xa syllable as an example of onomatopoeia? Maya Decipherment Blog. Available at: https://mayadecipherment.com/2008/07/25/the-xa-syllable-as-an-example-of-onomatopoeia/.
Houston, Stephen and Schnell, Joshua
2018 Tubing. Maya Decipherment Blog. Available at: https://mayadecipherment.com/2018/05/12/tubing/.
Houston, Stephen and Stuart, David.
1989 The Way Glyph: Evidence for “Co-essences” among the Classic Maya. In Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, 30.
Houston, Stephen, Stuart, David. and Taube, Karl
2006 The memory of bones: Body, being, and experience among the classic maya, The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Hudson, Kathryn Marie and Henderson, John
2014 Life on the Edge – Identity and Interaction in the Land of Ulúa and the Maya World. In Sounds Like Theory. XII Nordic Theoretical Archaeology Group Meeting in Oulu 25.–28.4.2012 (Ikäheimo, J., Salmi, A.-K., and Äikäs, T., eds), 157-171. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland, Suomen arkeologinen seura, Helsinki
Joyce, Thomas Athol
1933 The Pottery Whistle-Figurines of Lubaantun, In The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 63, pp. 15–25.
Katz, Jared
2018 Gentle Flutes and Blaring Horns: An Analysis of Ancient Maya Music and Musical Instruments in Daily and Ceremonial Activities. Ph.D. Thesis
Kaufman, Terrence. and Justeson, John
2003 A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary, digital book available at: http://www.famsi.org/reports/01051/pmed.pdf
Krempel, Guido and Paredes Maury, Sophia
2017 An exceptional Classic Maya polychrome drum of unknown provenance in the Fundación La Ruta Maya. In Mexicon, 39(4), pp. 73–80.
Looper, Matthew
2009 To Be Like Gods. Dance in the Ancient Maya Civilization. University of Texas Press, Austin
2012 Ritual Dance and Music in Ancient Maya Society’, In Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas, 1, pp. 89–107.
2019 The Beast Between. Deer in Maya Art and Culture, University of Texas Press, Austin.
López Oliva, Macarena S.
2018 Las Personificaciones (?ub’aahil ?A?N) de Seres Sobrenaturales entre los Mayas de Tierras Bajas del Clásico, Ph.D. Thesis
Martin, Simon and Grube, Nikolai
2008 Chronicle of the Maya kings and queens: deciphering the dynasties of the ancient Maya. Thames&Hudson, London
McVicker, Donald
2012 Figurines are us? the social organization of Jaina Island, Campeche, Mexico. In Ancient Mesoamerica, 23(2), pp 211–234.
Mendez Rojas, Alejandro and Pimentel Diaz, Angel Agustin
2010 Tipología De Los Instrumentos Musicales Y Artefactos Sonoros Arqueológicos De Mesoamérica Y El Norte De México, MA Thesis
Miller, Mary Ellen
1988 Boys in the Bonampak Band. In Maya Iconography (Benson, E. P. and Griffin, G. G. eds), pp. 318–330, Princeton University Press, Princeton
2017 Sounds and Sights: Sweeping the Way at Bonampak. In Flower World – Mundo Florido,
Music Archaeology of the Americas - Arqueomusicología de las Américas, 5.
Miller, Virginia
1983 A reexamination of Maya gestures of submission, In Journal of Latin American Lore, 9(1), pp. 17–38.
Olsen, Dale and Sheehy, Daniel
1998 The Garland encyclopedia of world music. Volume 2. Garland, New York
Pallan Gayol, Carlon
2009 Secuencia Dinástica, Glifos-Emblema y Topónimos en las Inscripciones Jeroglíficas de Edzná, Campeche (600-900 d.C.): Implicaciones Históricas., MA Thesis
del Pilar Regueiro Suarez, Maria
2014 Música, Canto y Danza : Un acercamiento iconográfico a las manifestaciones musicales mayas del periodo Clásico. MA Thesis
Pitts, Mark
2011 A Brief History of Piedras Negras As Told by the Ancient Maya, digital book available at: http://www.famsi.org/research/pitts/pitts_piedras_negras_history.pdf.
Prufer, Keith, Wanyerka, Phil and Shah, Monica
2003 Wooden figurines, scepters, and religious specialists in pre-Columbian Maya society. In Ancient Mesoamerica, 14(2), pp. 219–236.
Reents-Budet, Dorie, Joseph W. Ball, Virginia M. Fields, Barbara MacLeod, Justin Kerr, Michael P. Mezzatesta, and Linda Schele
1994 Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period, Duke University Press, Durham
Rigatti, Alice
2019 Patrones de representación cultural en las figurillas cerámicas de Palenque, Chiapas. PhD Thesis
Robicsek, Francis
1978 The Smoking Gods, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Sabloff, J. A.
1975 Number 2: Ceramics. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Schlesinger, Victoria
2001 Animals nand Plants of the Ancient Maya. A Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Sheseña Hernandez, Alejandro
2010 Los nombres de los naguales en la escritura jeroglífica maya: Religión y lingüística a través de la onomástica, In Journal of Mesoamerican Languages and Linguistics, 2(1), pp. 1–30.
Sheseña Hernandez, Alejandro. and Pincemin Deliberos, Sophia
2010 Fiesta de Juegos: Nuevas aportaciones para la interpretación de la escena de la vasija K1549, In Que hacer Científico en Chiapas, 1(9), pp. 5–12.
De Smet, Peter
1986 Ritual enemas and snuffs in the Americas, Ph.D. Thesis
Stöckli, Matthias
2002 Objetos sonoros de Piedras Negras. In XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001, pp. 690–694, Guatemala Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Guatemala
2011 Trumpets in Classic Maya Vase Painting: The Iconographic Identification of Instrumental Ensembles. In: Music in Art, 36(1/2), pp. 219–230.
Stone, Andrea
1995 Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting. University of Texas Press, Austin
Stone, Andrea and Zender, Mark
2011 Reading Maya Art. A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture. Thames&Hudson, London
Stuart, David et al.
2005 Glyphs on Pots Glyphs on Pots. In A section of the 2005 edition of the Sourcebook for the 29th Maya Meetings at Texas, University of Texas Press, Austin
Taube, Karl
1989 Ritual Humor in Classic Maya Religion. In Studies in Ancient Mesoamerican Art and Architecture: Selected Works by Karl Andreas Taube, pp. 118–149. Precolumbian Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.
1991 A Ritual Clown of the Early Classic Maya Court. In Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts, 66(4), pp. 18–29.
2001 The Breath of Life Symbolism of Wind in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. In The Road to Aztlan. Art from a mythic homeland (Fields, V. and Zamudio-Taylor, V. eds.), pp.
102–123. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles
2004 Flower Mountain : Concepts of Life , Beauty , and Paradise among the Classic Maya Classic Maya’. In RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 45, pp. 69–98.
Taube, Karl. and Zender, Mark
2009 American Gladiators Ritual Boxing in Ancient Mesoamerica’. In Blood and Beauty. Organized Violence in the Art and Archaeology of Mesoamerica and Central America (Orr, H. and Koontz, R. eds.), pp. 159–220, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press at UCLA, California
Tokovinine, Alexandre and Zender, Mark
2012 Lords of Windy Water. The Royal Court of Motul de San Jose in Classic Maya Inscriptions. In Motul de San José: Politics, History, and Economy in a Classic Maya Polity ( Foias, A. E. ed.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville
Tozzer, Alfred
1907 A Comparative Study of the Mayas and the Lacandones. The Macmillan Company, New York.
2007 The Dwarf Motif in Classic Maya Monumental Iconography: A Spatial Analysis. Ph.D. Thesis
Beliaev, Dmitri
2015 Blog entry, Maoist Blog, 17.08.2015, Available at: https://maoist.livejournal.com/129099.html
Benton, Amy E.
2010 Ancient Maya Music: Aerophones in the Archaeological Record, MA Thesis
Boot, Eric
2004 Vocabulary in the Ch’olti’ Language. A transcription of the ‘Bocabulario Grande’ by Fray Francisco Moran (1965). Available at: http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/boot/cholti_moran1695_revised.pdf.
2009 The Updated Preliminary Classic Maya- English, English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings. Mesoweb Resources, Available at: https://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary-2009.01.pdf
de Borhegyi, Stephan F.
1970 Depositos subterraneos en forma de botella y sonajas de barro del Preclasico de Guatemala. In Estudios de Cultura Maya, VIII pp. 25-34.
Bourg, Cameron H.
2005 Ancient Maya Music now with sound. MA Thesis
Cheong, Kong F. et al.
2014 Recovering Music from Pacbitun, Belize: New Evidence for Ancient Maya Instruments. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 11 pp. 177-190.
Ciura, Monika
2013 Hand gestures in courtly scenes depicted on Maya vases, unpublished BA Thesis
Duke, Bethany
2014 Palatial Soundscapes : Music in Maya Court Societies, MA Thesis
Fachner, Jorg
2011 Time Is the Key : Music and Altered States of Consciousness. In Culture, 1 (January), pp. 355–376.
Foias, Antonina. E.
2004 Politics and Economics : Motul de San José, Petén, FAMSI Report, Availabale at: http://www.famsi.org/reports/02049/02049Foias01.pdf
Gallegos, Miriam Judith
2009 Manufactura , Iconografía Y Distribución De Figurillas En Comalcalco , Tabasco. In XXII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2008 ( J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo y H. Mejía, eds.), 1051-1061. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala
García Barrios, Anna and Valencia Rivera, Rogelio
2007 El uso político del baile en el Clásico maya: el baile de K’awiil’, In Revista espanola de antropología americana, 37(2), pp. 23–38.
Golden, Charles
2009 Palisades and Ditches: Defense and Development of Yaxchilan's Polity, FAMSI Report, Available at: http://www.famsi.org/reports/07043/07043Golden02.pdf
Grube, Nikolai, and Maria Gaida
2006 Die Maya: Schrift und Kunst, Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-DuMont. Berlin.
Grube, Nikolai and Luin, Camilo Alejandro
2014 A Drum Altar from the Vicinity of Yaxchilan, In Mexicon, XXXVI(April), pp. 40–48.
Halperin, Christina
2014 Maya figurines: Intersections between state and household, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Hamann, Agnieszka
2017 ‘Tz ’ ihb ’ write/paint’ Multimodality in Maya glyphic texts. In Visible Language, 51(1), pp. 39–57.
Hammond, Norman
1972a Classic Maya Music: Part I: Maya Drums. In Archaeology, 25(2), 124–131.
Hammond, Norman
1972b Classic Maya Music: Part II: Rattles, Shakers, Raspers, Wind and String Instruments. In Archaeology, 25(3) pp. 222–228.
Hellmuth, Nicholas
1967 Structure 5D-73, Burial 196, Tikal, Peten, Guatemala: A Preliminary Report, vol 2, Foundation for Latin American Anthropological Research.
Helmke, Christophe
2020 Tactics, Trophies, and Titles: A Comparative Perspective on Ancient Maya Raiding’, In Ancient Mesoamerica, 31(1), pp. 29–46.
Helmke, Christophe and Nielsen, Jesper
2009 Hidden Identity & Power in Ancient Mesoamerica: Supernatural Alter Egos as Curses & Diseases. In Acta Americana, 17(2), pp. 49–98.
Hornbostel, Erich, and Curt Sachs
1961 The Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony
Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann. In The Galpin Society Journal 14, pp. 3–29.
Hopkins, Nicholas A.
2012 A Dictionary of the Chuj (Mayan) Language. Jaguar Tours, Florida
Hopkins, Nichoals A., Josserand, Kathryn and Cruz Guzmán, Ausencio (2011) A Historical Dictionary of Chol (Mayan): The Lexical Sources from 1789 to 1935. Jaguar Tours, Florida
Houston, Stephen
2006 Impersonation, Dance, and the Problem of Spectacle among the Classic Maya. In Archaeology of Performance. Theaters of Power, Community, and Politics (Inomata, T. and Coben, L. S., eds.), pp. 135–155, Altamira Press, Lanham
2008 The xa syllable as an example of onomatopoeia? Maya Decipherment Blog. Available at: https://mayadecipherment.com/2008/07/25/the-xa-syllable-as-an-example-of-onomatopoeia/.
Houston, Stephen and Schnell, Joshua
2018 Tubing. Maya Decipherment Blog. Available at: https://mayadecipherment.com/2018/05/12/tubing/.
Houston, Stephen and Stuart, David.
1989 The Way Glyph: Evidence for “Co-essences” among the Classic Maya. In Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, 30.
Houston, Stephen, Stuart, David. and Taube, Karl
2006 The memory of bones: Body, being, and experience among the classic maya, The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Hudson, Kathryn Marie and Henderson, John
2014 Life on the Edge – Identity and Interaction in the Land of Ulúa and the Maya World. In Sounds Like Theory. XII Nordic Theoretical Archaeology Group Meeting in Oulu 25.–28.4.2012 (Ikäheimo, J., Salmi, A.-K., and Äikäs, T., eds), 157-171. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland, Suomen arkeologinen seura, Helsinki
Joyce, Thomas Athol
1933 The Pottery Whistle-Figurines of Lubaantun, In The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 63, pp. 15–25.
Katz, Jared
2018 Gentle Flutes and Blaring Horns: An Analysis of Ancient Maya Music and Musical Instruments in Daily and Ceremonial Activities. Ph.D. Thesis
Kaufman, Terrence. and Justeson, John
2003 A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary, digital book available at: http://www.famsi.org/reports/01051/pmed.pdf
Krempel, Guido and Paredes Maury, Sophia
2017 An exceptional Classic Maya polychrome drum of unknown provenance in the Fundación La Ruta Maya. In Mexicon, 39(4), pp. 73–80.
Looper, Matthew
2009 To Be Like Gods. Dance in the Ancient Maya Civilization. University of Texas Press, Austin
2012 Ritual Dance and Music in Ancient Maya Society’, In Flower World - Music Archaeology of the Americas, 1, pp. 89–107.
2019 The Beast Between. Deer in Maya Art and Culture, University of Texas Press, Austin.
López Oliva, Macarena S.
2018 Las Personificaciones (?ub’aahil ?A?N) de Seres Sobrenaturales entre los Mayas de Tierras Bajas del Clásico, Ph.D. Thesis
Martin, Simon and Grube, Nikolai
2008 Chronicle of the Maya kings and queens: deciphering the dynasties of the ancient Maya. Thames&Hudson, London
McVicker, Donald
2012 Figurines are us? the social organization of Jaina Island, Campeche, Mexico. In Ancient Mesoamerica, 23(2), pp 211–234.
Mendez Rojas, Alejandro and Pimentel Diaz, Angel Agustin
2010 Tipología De Los Instrumentos Musicales Y Artefactos Sonoros Arqueológicos De Mesoamérica Y El Norte De México, MA Thesis
Miller, Mary Ellen
1988 Boys in the Bonampak Band. In Maya Iconography (Benson, E. P. and Griffin, G. G. eds), pp. 318–330, Princeton University Press, Princeton
2017 Sounds and Sights: Sweeping the Way at Bonampak. In Flower World – Mundo Florido,
Music Archaeology of the Americas - Arqueomusicología de las Américas, 5.
Miller, Virginia
1983 A reexamination of Maya gestures of submission, In Journal of Latin American Lore, 9(1), pp. 17–38.
Olsen, Dale and Sheehy, Daniel
1998 The Garland encyclopedia of world music. Volume 2. Garland, New York
Pallan Gayol, Carlon
2009 Secuencia Dinástica, Glifos-Emblema y Topónimos en las Inscripciones Jeroglíficas de Edzná, Campeche (600-900 d.C.): Implicaciones Históricas., MA Thesis
del Pilar Regueiro Suarez, Maria
2014 Música, Canto y Danza : Un acercamiento iconográfico a las manifestaciones musicales mayas del periodo Clásico. MA Thesis
Pitts, Mark
2011 A Brief History of Piedras Negras As Told by the Ancient Maya, digital book available at: http://www.famsi.org/research/pitts/pitts_piedras_negras_history.pdf.
Prufer, Keith, Wanyerka, Phil and Shah, Monica
2003 Wooden figurines, scepters, and religious specialists in pre-Columbian Maya society. In Ancient Mesoamerica, 14(2), pp. 219–236.
Reents-Budet, Dorie, Joseph W. Ball, Virginia M. Fields, Barbara MacLeod, Justin Kerr, Michael P. Mezzatesta, and Linda Schele
1994 Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period, Duke University Press, Durham
Rigatti, Alice
2019 Patrones de representación cultural en las figurillas cerámicas de Palenque, Chiapas. PhD Thesis
Robicsek, Francis
1978 The Smoking Gods, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Sabloff, J. A.
1975 Number 2: Ceramics. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Schlesinger, Victoria
2001 Animals nand Plants of the Ancient Maya. A Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Sheseña Hernandez, Alejandro
2010 Los nombres de los naguales en la escritura jeroglífica maya: Religión y lingüística a través de la onomástica, In Journal of Mesoamerican Languages and Linguistics, 2(1), pp. 1–30.
Sheseña Hernandez, Alejandro. and Pincemin Deliberos, Sophia
2010 Fiesta de Juegos: Nuevas aportaciones para la interpretación de la escena de la vasija K1549, In Que hacer Científico en Chiapas, 1(9), pp. 5–12.
De Smet, Peter
1986 Ritual enemas and snuffs in the Americas, Ph.D. Thesis
Stöckli, Matthias
2002 Objetos sonoros de Piedras Negras. In XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001, pp. 690–694, Guatemala Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Guatemala
2011 Trumpets in Classic Maya Vase Painting: The Iconographic Identification of Instrumental Ensembles. In: Music in Art, 36(1/2), pp. 219–230.
Stone, Andrea
1995 Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting. University of Texas Press, Austin
Stone, Andrea and Zender, Mark
2011 Reading Maya Art. A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture. Thames&Hudson, London
Stuart, David et al.
2005 Glyphs on Pots Glyphs on Pots. In A section of the 2005 edition of the Sourcebook for the 29th Maya Meetings at Texas, University of Texas Press, Austin
Taube, Karl
1989 Ritual Humor in Classic Maya Religion. In Studies in Ancient Mesoamerican Art and Architecture: Selected Works by Karl Andreas Taube, pp. 118–149. Precolumbian Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.
1991 A Ritual Clown of the Early Classic Maya Court. In Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts, 66(4), pp. 18–29.
2001 The Breath of Life Symbolism of Wind in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. In The Road to Aztlan. Art from a mythic homeland (Fields, V. and Zamudio-Taylor, V. eds.), pp.
102–123. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles
2004 Flower Mountain : Concepts of Life , Beauty , and Paradise among the Classic Maya Classic Maya’. In RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 45, pp. 69–98.
Taube, Karl. and Zender, Mark
2009 American Gladiators Ritual Boxing in Ancient Mesoamerica’. In Blood and Beauty. Organized Violence in the Art and Archaeology of Mesoamerica and Central America (Orr, H. and Koontz, R. eds.), pp. 159–220, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press at UCLA, California
Tokovinine, Alexandre and Zender, Mark
2012 Lords of Windy Water. The Royal Court of Motul de San Jose in Classic Maya Inscriptions. In Motul de San José: Politics, History, and Economy in a Classic Maya Polity ( Foias, A. E. ed.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville
Tozzer, Alfred
1907 A Comparative Study of the Mayas and the Lacandones. The Macmillan Company, New York.
Published
2023-03-20
How to Cite
Ciura, M. (2023). Iconography of the Pre-Columbian Maya rattles. Estudios Latinoamericanos, 42, 155-202. https://doi.org/10.36447/Estudios2022.v42.art7
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